Fig. 2

Functional and pathway enrichment analysis of differentially expressed benzo(a)pyrene-related targets in COPD. A GO enrichment analysis of the 72 differentially expressed benzo(a)pyrene-related targets, categorized into biological processes (BP), cellular components (CC), and molecular functions (MF). The x-axis represents the -log10 adjusted p-value, indicating the significance of enrichment. B KEGG pathway enrichment analysis displaying the significant pathways identified. The x-axis shows the gene ratio, and the color gradient represents the adjusted p-value, with bubble size indicating the number of genes involved. C Network representation of significant KEGG pathways and their associated genes. Nodes represent genes, and edges denote their involvement in specific pathways. Pathways are marked as red squares, with the size of the squares indicating the number of associated genes