Fig. 5

Effect of 3-benzylideneindolin-2-one on the embryonic development of zebrafish. Representative images show sublethal alterations observed in zebrafish larvae at 72 hpf: (a) normal development in the negative control, (b) larvae exposed to 3,4-dichloroaniline (positive control) at 4 mg/L, and (c) larvae exposed to 3-benzylideneindolin-2-one at 10 mg/L. (d) Rate of malformations in zebrafish larva exposed to the different concentrations of the drug, SC: spinal curvature, TD: tail deformity, PE: pericardial edema, and YE: yolk-sac edema. e) Heart rate (bpm: beats per minute) of zebrafish embryos/larva at 48, 72, and 96 hpf exposed to different concentrations of the drug. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 20 embryos/group) of three independent replicates. (*Indicates the significant level when compare to the respective negative control group, * p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) by statistical analysis using ANOVA followed up by Dunnet’s post hoc test)