Fig. 5

Histopathologic changes and quantification of the histological lesion score in renal tissue sections with H&E-staining across various groups. a) Representative photomicrographs demonstrating the histopathological alterations (×100 & ×400). Normal histoarchitecture of glomeruli (GL), renal tubule (RT), attenuated and necrotic tubular epithelium (orange arrow), dilatation of the renal tubular lumen (yellow arrow), interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrations (star) congested blood vessels (red arrow), deposition of lead particles (green arrow). b) Quantification of the histological lesion score in the studied groups of rats. The pbAc-induced group exhibited a higher lesion score than the sham group, while the combined treatment demonstrated promising efficacy in reducing the lesion score. The values are presented as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 vs. sham, #P < 0.05 vs. PbAc-induced group, and aP < 0.05 vs. PbAc + Comb