Table 7 TMZ’s nephroprotective potential relative to other agents from key studies and meta-analyses

TMZ vs. NAC

Zhang et al. [30]

30%

0.70 (0.55–0.89)*

Indirect comparison: NAC was used as a control in some trials, while TMZ showed moderate superiority.

TMZ vs. Statins

Smith et al. [31]

15% (combined therapy)

Not reported

Fewer renal events with TMZ + statins vs. statins alone; limited to combination therapy.

TMZ vs. NaHCO₃

Smith et al. [31]

Not quantified

Not reported

TMZ is associated with fewer adverse events; no direct statistical comparison is available.

TMZ vs. Hydration

Liu et al. [28]

70%

0.30 (0.20–0.40)*

Hydration alone as control; significant CIN reduction with TMZ in patients with renal insufficiency.

TMZ vs. Placebo

Liu et al. [28]

62%

0.38 (0.25–0.58)*

Derived from meta-analysis: TMZ