Fig. 13

Cytotoxicity assessment of diatoms (Dia) and modified diatoms (Modia) on MDA-MB-231 and HEPG2 cell lines, evaluated 24 and 48 hours after exposure. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA, with all datasets compared to the negative control (HBSS with a pH of 7.4). HBSS-HEPES (pH 7.4) served as the negative control. The error bars represent the standard deviation (S.D.)