Fig. 1

Transmission electron microphotograph of CoQ10 microemulsion (A) and microemulsion-gel (B). Scale bar = 100 nm. Images are representative of n = 3 independent preparations. (C) Cumulative release profile of CoQ10 from microemulsion-gel versus time. Data points represent mean ± SD (n = 3). *p < 0.05 compared to microemulsion control. (D) Precorneal retention of CoQ10. Drug concentration was measured in rabbit conjunctival sac (n = 4 per group) over time. Data shown as mean ± SD. **p < 0.01 versus microemulsion group. Rheological behavior of CoQ10 ophthalmic formulations (E) Viscosity versus shear rate for microemulsion-gel before ion exposure (n = 3). (F) Viscosity versus shear rate after exposure to artificial tear fluid (n = 3). Statistical analysis: repeated measures ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test, *p < 0.05