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  1. Piperine, a secondary metabolite, affects the antihyperlipidemic effect of Ezetimibe (EZ). Hyperlipidemia is one of the independent risk factors for cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis. Antihyperl...

    Authors: Kavitha Marati, Sujatha Palatheeya, Ananda Kumar Chettupalli and Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2025 26:7
  2. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a syndrome that arises from acute or chronic liver failure. This study was devised to assess the impact of a combination of boswellic acid (BA) and low doses of gamma radiation (...

    Authors: Dina E. Saad, Somaya Z. Mansour, Eman I. Kandil, Asmaa Hassan, Fatma S. M. Moawed and Mustafa M. M. Elbakry
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2025 26:6
  3. The occurrence of hypofibrinogenemia after tocilizumab treatment has attracted increasing attention, which may cause bleeding and even life-threatening. This study aims to explore the risk factors for tocilizu...

    Authors: Le Cai, Xiao Wen, Zihan Qiu, An Fu, Daihong Guo and Man Zhu
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2025 26:5
  4. In patients with sepsis, platelets are activated and adhere to neutrophils, forming platelet-leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) that lead to the development of MODS. ARDS is one of the main manifestations of septic M...

    Authors: Lu Wang, Liang-yu Mi, Xiang-yu Chen, Huai-Wu He and Yun Long
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2025 26:4
  5. Cerebrovascular accidents are known as a great cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there are known risk factors for ischemic stroke, the cases that cannot be justified with these risk factors ...

    Authors: Hossein Nezami, Alireza Kooshki, Habibollah Esmaily, Mohamadjavad Sanjari, Zahra Ahmadi, Mahmood Sadeghi and Seyed Mohammad Mosavi Mirzaei
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2025 26:2
  6. The main objective of this study was to investigate the optimal post-left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) anticoagulation strategy, focusing on minimizing device-related thrombosis (DRT) and thromboembolism (T...

    Authors: Yao Yao, Qinchun Jin, Xiaochun Zhang and Qianzhou Lv
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2025 26:1
  7. UpToDate, no drugs have been approved to treat nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, the advanced stage of the most prevalent liver disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The present study was conducted to explor...

    Authors: Ahmed E. Amer, Hamdy A. Ghoneim, Rania R. Abdelaziz, George S.G. Shehatou and Ghada M. Suddek
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:102
  8. Cancer is the deadliest disease, and neurological disorders are also marked as slow progressive diseases, ultimately leading to death. Stopping two mouths with one morsel was the strategy that we used in this ...

    Authors: Agnishwar Girigoswami, Balasubramanian Deepika, Saranya Udayakumar, Gopalarethinam Janani, Devadass Jessy Mercy and Koyeli Girigoswami
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:101
  9. The belzutifan is a hypoxia inducible factor-2 alpha (HIF-2α) inhibitor for the treatment of advanced or metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) and has exhibited good safety and efficacy in clinic...

    Authors: Ge Song, Song Xue, Yingming Zhu, Chunling Wu and Xiaowei Ji
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:100
  10. Post-myocardial infarction (MI) remodeling involves various structural and functional changes, such as inflammation and fibrosis. Upregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) is linked to the pro...

    Authors: Asma S. Alonazi, Sara Almodawah, Rana Aldigi, Anfal Bin Dayel, Maha Alamin, Ahmad R. Almotairi, Maha F. El-Tohamy, Hana Alharbi, Rehab Ali, Tahani K. Alshammari and Nouf M. Alrasheed
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:99
  11. This study explores an eco-friendly approach to mitigate risks associated with organophosphorus insecticides, particularly Chlorpyrifos, by synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Psidium guajava leaf ...

    Authors: Emad Ali Albadawi, Eid Nassar Ali Musa, Hadel Mahroos Ghaban, Neven A. Ebrahim, Muayad Saud Albadrani and Ahmed I. El-Tokhy
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:98
  12. In the past few years, an increasing number of research studies have documented the utilization of durvalumab in the field of immunotherapy for cancerous tumors. However, there remains insufficient documentati...

    Authors: Ting Zou, Zhuoyang Li, Tianhong Wang, Shuang Deng, Siman Wang and Yusi Hua
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:97
  13. Cronkhite-Canada syndrome (CCS) is a rare non-hereditary chronic inflammatory disease characteristic of gastrointestinal polyps and ectodermal abnormalities. Corticosteroid therapy is the mainstay medication f...

    Authors: Qiushi Xu, Lixin Jin, Chengzhu Ou, Tianming Xu, Zhuo Yang, Runfeng Zhang, Shuang Liu, Xuemin Yan, Gechong Ruan, Ji Li and Jingnan Li
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:96
  14. H1-antihistamines are widely used to treat symptoms depending on histamine release in a variety of conditions. However, neurological adverse events have been reported in post-marketing surveillance studies and...

    Authors: Weiping Hu, Hailong Li, Linan Zeng, Jing Gan, Chenghong Feng, Li Chen and Lingli Zhang
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:95
  15. The risk of hepatic steatosis (HS) is elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Antidiabetic medications may contribute to the prevention or treatment of HS. This study aimed to compare the eff...

    Authors: Asmaa S. Mohamed, Hosam M. Ahmad, Mohammed A. Sharawy and Fatma M. M. Kamel
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:94
  16. Rupture of unstable coronary atherosclerotic plaque leads to acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Dual anti-platelet therapy is one of the main treatments, and the combination of Aspirin a...

    Authors: Mehdi Geravandi, Mohammad Nourabi, Sepehr Navabifar, Moein Geravandi, Zahra Hooshanginezhad, Sara Zand and Parinaz Taheri
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:93
  17. Local drug presentation made possible by drug-eluting depots provides benefits for a vast array of diseases, including cancer, microbial infection, and wound healing. Drug-eluting depots provide sustained drug...

    Authors: Rukesh Chinthapatla, Jazz Q. Stephens, Isabel B. Neumann-Rivera, Nichol M. Henderson, Minhua Nie, Hannah R. Haynes, Joshua G. Pierce, Danielle M. Meritet, Yevgeny Brudno and Annie Oh
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:92
  18. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis before transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is highly recommended. However, there is no agreement on the use of a single antibiotic for this purpose. This study aimed to...

    Authors: Ramin Haghighi, Ahmad Kameli, Abdolah Razi, Dorsa Abroon and Amir Amani
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:91
  19. Melatonin has been demonstrated to exert a preventive effect on delirium. This meta-analysis sought to investigate the preventive effects of melatonin and melatonin receptor agonists (ramelteon) on delirium in...

    Authors: Le Liu, Xin Ma, Zejun Song, Jie Li, Yasong Zhao, Chang Meng, Shufang Wang, Guobin Miao and Peng Liu
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:90
  20. Chemotherapy is often ineffective as a first-line treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and a more precise and effective therapeutic option is urgently needed.

    Authors: Cheng Jiang, Xiaofeng Weng, Yuqing Chen and Junjun Yang
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:89
  21. Heat stroke (HS) can lead to the development of pulmonary ferroptosis. The inhibition of pulmonary ferroptosis during HS improves patient prognosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resv...

    Authors: Liwen Du, Xueqi Zhu, Zhenluo Jiang, Weidong Wang, Peng Liu, Leilei Zhu and Fangqi Zhang
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:88
  22. Excessive fluoride exposure beyond the tolerable limit may adversely impacts brain functionality. Betaine (BET), a trimethyl glycine, possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic functions, alth...

    Authors: Solomon E. Owumi, Bayode J. Oluwawibe, Joseph Chimezie, Jesutosin J. Babalola, Oludare M. Ogunyemi, Gideon A. Gyebi, Moses T. Otunla, Ahmad Altayyar, Uche O. Arunsi, Chioma E. Irozuru and Olatunde O. Owoeye
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:87
  23. Beta-blockers are widely used, with continuously updated clinical recommendations. However, their application faces challenges in personalized treatment and safety. The study aimed to investigate the frequency...

    Authors: Yilong Yan, Wenshuo An, Shenghui Mei, Qiang Zhu, Cao Li, Li Yang, Zhigang Zhao and Jiping Huo
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:86
  24. Cinnamaldehyde, has various therapeutic potentials including glucose-lowering effect, and insulinotropic effect; however, its glycation inhibitory mechanism is not known yet. In this study, we explored the eff...

    Authors: Noor Fatima, M. Israr Khan, Hira Jawed, Urooj Qureshi, Zaheer Ul-Haq, Rahman M. Hafizur, Tawaf Ali Shah, Musaab Dauelbait, Yousef A. Bin Jardan and Gamal A. Shazly
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:85
  25. Effervescent formulation helps in faster and better absorption of drugs, especially those that are rapidly soluble in water. However, these tablets require special packaging in order to prevent them from absor...

    Authors: Danish Hassan Dani, Syed Baqir Shyum Naqvi, Muhammad Akram, Matti Ullah, Sheikh Abdul Khaliq, Muhammad Masoom Akhtar, Orva Abdullah, Syed Faisal Badshah, Mohammed Bourhia, Gamal A. Shazly, Yousef A. Bin Jardan and Srosh Fazil
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:83
  26. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a significant contributor to renal dysfunction, acute kidney injury (AKI), and associated morbidity and mortality. Resveratrol, a polyphenol and phytoalexin, is known...

    Authors: Elaf R. Alaasam, Ali M. Janabi, Karrar M. Al-Buthabhak, Rihab H. Almudhafar, Najah R. Hadi, Athanasios Alexiou, Marios Papadakis, Mohammed E. Abo-El Fetoh, Dalia Fouad and Gaber El-Saber Batiha
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:82
  27. The utilization patterns of opioid analgesics and the proportion of long-term opioid use after surgery in Norway is largely unknown.

    Authors: Sara Magelssen Vambheim, Vidar Hjellvik, Ingvild Odsbu, Svetlana Skurtveit, Christopher Ekholdt, Lars Petter Granan, Audun Stubhaug and Per-Jostein Samuelsen
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:81
  28. This study aims to determine the bioequivalence of the reference preparation and the test preparation containing eltrombopag when both were given during the COVID-19 pandemic while fasting. Participants in the...

    Authors: Ahmet Inal, Zafer Sezer, Onur Pinarbasli, Burcu Bulut, Martin Reinsch, Wolfgang Martin, Mumtaz M. Mazicioglu and Selma Alime Koru
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:80
  29. Oritavancin is a semi-synthetic lipoglycopeptide antibiotic primarily used to treat serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. The aim of this study was to elucidate possible molecular targets of ori...

    Authors: Toluwase Hezekiah Fatoki, Tosin Christianah Balogun, Adebayo Emmanuel Ojewuyi, Aduragbemi Christianah Omole, Oluwaseun Victor Olukayode, Afolasade Precious Adewumi, Adanne Joy Umesi, Nwadinma Priscillia Ijeoma, Abibat Esther Apooyin, Chinecherem Perpetual Chinedu, Ibukun Esther Idowu and Momoh Jimoh Isah
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:79
  30. The global effort to cure COVID-19 is still ongoing. Thus, a prospective, block-balanced, open-label, randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate how Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate affects hospitaliz...

    Authors: Nazanin Yazdan Pouri, Zahra Shokati Eshkiki, Afshin Talebi, Bahman Cheraghian, Fatemeh Ahmadi, Niloofar Neisi and Ali Akbar Shayesteh
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:78
  31. The burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is increasing, and limited therapeutic drugs are available for its treatment. Serotonin binds to approximately 14 serotonin receptors (HTR) and plays diverse role...

    Authors: Min Hee Kim, Su-Jeong Kim, Woo-Jae Park, Dae Ho Lee and Kyoung-Kon Kim
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:76
  32. Oral dose formulations must be soluble in gastrointestinal fluids for systemic absorption. The solubility of meloxicam was determined in 16 different age-specific simulated gastric and intestinal media that mi...

    Authors: Sabreen Abu Omar, Rahma Nairat, Sara Khzimia, Iyad Maqboul, Mohammad Jaber and Ramzi Shawahna
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:75
  33. Acute liver failure (ALF) is a critical condition characterized by rapid liver dysfunction, leading to high mortality rates. Current treatments are limited, primarily supportive, and often require liver transp...

    Authors: Essmat A. H. Allam, Madeha H. A. Darwish, Nasser S. Abou Khalil, Shimaa H. A. Abd El-Baset, Mohamed Abd El-Aal, Ahmed Elrawy, Ahmed A. N. Ahmed and Mahmoud S. Sabra
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:74
  34. Recently, the anti-tumor effects of cannabis extract on various cancers have attracted the attention of researchers. Here, we report a nanoemulsion (NE) composition designed to enhance the delivery of two acti...

    Authors: Houra Mobaleghol Eslam, Fatemeh Hataminia, Fariba Esmaeili, Seyed Alireza Salami, Hossein Ghanbari and Amir Amani
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:73
  35. Pregabalin is an antiepileptic drug that binds to the alpha-2/delta unit at presynaptic voltage-dependent calcium channels. We aimed to investigate the effect of acute and chronic pregabalin administration on ...

    Authors: Hasan Çalışkan, Fırat Akat, Ali Doğan Dursun and Nezahet Zaloğlu
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:72
  36. Tafamidis-associated adverse events (AEs) were investigated retrospectively by data mining the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to inform clinical safety.

    Authors: Yidan Li, Shengzhu Sun, Hongyun Wu, Leiyong Zhao and Wei Peng
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:71
  37. The toxicological hazard of iron-containing products is a public health concern that inspires research in identifying and developing readily available, inexpensive antidotes. Natural products, like plant-sourc...

    Authors: Folake Olubukola Asejeje, Gbolahan Iyiola Asejeje, Olalekan Bukunmi Ogunro, Adeola O. Adedara and Amos Olalekan Abolaji
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:70
  38. Valproic acid (VPA) is a widely used antiepileptic drug (AED) often prescribed as a first-line treatment for many idiopathic and symptomatic generalized epilepsies. Several studies have highlighted the side ef...

    Authors: Muhammad Arif Asghar, Shixin Tang, Bing Wan, Hang Han, Li Ping Wong, Xiao Zhang and Qinjian Zhao
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:69
  39. Nephrotoxicity, the rapid impairment of kidney function caused by harmful drugs and chemicals, affects about 20% of cases and is projected to become a leading cause of death by reactive oxygen species (ROS). G...

    Authors: Sony Amir, Muhammad Abid, Humaira Nadeem, Muhammad Khalid Tipu and Nadeem Irshad
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:68
  40. The ideal single antiplatelet therapy for long-term maintenance after coronary stenting remains uncertain. In a head-to-head comparison, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety profile of aspirin and clop...

    Authors: Kai Lan, Hailan Gao and Hui Gong
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:67
  41. Diabetic nephropathy (DN) can be prevented with early therapeutic intervention in diabetic patients. Recent investigations suggest that β-amyrin, a pentacyclic triterpenoid, could offer significant benefits wi...

    Authors: Tamsheel Fatima Roohi, K. L. Krishna and Faiyaz Shakeel
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:66
  42. The efficacy of DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) in the treatment of post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) has been reported previously. However, the course of treatment that shows curative effect and cytokines p...

    Authors: Zhen Wang, Jiahui Wang, Jiajia Yun, Jun Song, Qi Chen, Deqiang Wang and Chao Ren
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:65
  43. Numerous digestive system adverse events (dsAEs) have been observed during the use of anti-obesity medications (AOMs), leading to concerns about the safety of these medications. However, most current studies a...

    Authors: Qing Yang, Junyan Wang, Menghuan Wang, Shuyu Zhang and Qin-Qin He
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:64
  44. The impact of Sodium Houttuyniae (SH) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI has been investigated extensively. However, it remains ambiguous whether ferroptosis participates in this process. This study aimed...

    Authors: Juan Li, Yan-ping Hu, Xing-ling Liang and Ming-wei Liu
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:63
  45. Higher olefins (HO) are a category of unsaturated hydrocarbons widely used in industry applications to make products essential for daily human life. Establishing safe exposure limits requires a solid data matr...

    Authors: Quan Shi, Michael G. Penman, Juan-Carlos Carrillo, An R. Van Rompay, Lenny Kamelia, Martijn Rooseboom, Hua Shen, Sophie Jia, Yuan Tian, Jamie Dunn, Fabienne Hubert and Peter J. Boogaard
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:62
  46. Triazolam is a typical drug commonly used in the elderly; however, there have been concerns about its adverse events resulting from age-related changes in physiological function and drug interactions with conc...

    Authors: Akira Okada, Shoji Sera and Naomi Nagai
    Citation: BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 2024 25:60
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